One unit of PPO was defined as the change in absorbance by 0.1 units per minute under conditions of the assay. Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. Among the elicitors listed above, SA is well studied in non-woody plants for its role in regulating plant defense and in triggering ‘systemic acquired resistance’ (SAR) [14–19]. (eds. GC-MS analysis of the headspace volatiles from SA treated and untreated fruit showed noticeable changes in their chemical compositions. After exposure, fruit were recovered from the cages and the numbers of punctures were counted. In the present study, we also observed changes in antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, PO and PPO. Mango, Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), is a crop cultivated pantropically. Temperature program for column was similar to that of the GC-FID analysis described above. Prior to experiment, all glassware was washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with acetone and distilled water and baked in an oven overnight at 180°C. ACCePTeD: June 4, 2017. Before volatile collection, glassware and aluminum plates were washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with distilled water and acetone, and then dried in an oven at 180°C for 2 h. Extraction of volatiles was carried out according to methods described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. A potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The number of adults emerged also showed a significant difference (t = 17.96, df = 6, P = 0.0001) between control and treated fruit (Fig 6b). Pupae were separated by sieving the sand and placed in screened cages for adults’ emergence. Our results showed that the host fruit compounds viz., cis-ocimene and 3-carene were sharply declined after SA treatment indicating that the absence of these volatiles along with associated biochemical changes would have been responsible for altered ovipositional behaviour of B. dorsalis. Observations on the time spent and number of entries into each arm were recorded using Olfa software (F. Nazzi, Udine, Italy). Fruit fly behavioral responses were studied for headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit in the four-arm olfactometer (dual choice bioassay) as described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. Analyzed the data: KJPD RMA VK. The containers were kept at ambient conditions 27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod for 10–15 days to allow larval development and pupae formation. You may notice problems with An increase in phenols, flavonoids, lignin and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins was noticed in mangoes subsequent to post-harvest treatment by chemical elicitor, benzothiadiazole [67]. Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the most devastating insect pests having a foremost influence on global agricultural products, effecting yield losses, and dropping the value and marketability of horticultural crops. Fig 1b). Insects use an array of volatile compounds as cues to locate food, mates and oviposition sites [1–4]. Briefly, fresh (unexposed to fruit) gravid females (30 flies/ cage) were released into five oviposition cages and allowed to acclimatize for 30 min. endobj
Phenolics as chemical barriers to female fruit fly, Kamala Jayanthi PD, Woodcock CM, Caulfield J, Birkett MA, Bruce TJA (2012). Plants have evolved with their insect pests and have developed an array of strategies for defense. However, use of host plant defense pathways that can be switched on or primed by exogenous application of phytohormones is not explored in mango. Biochemical resistance of citrus to fruit flies. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 7 0 R 24 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>>
(a) Total phenols; (b) Total flavonoids. (a) punctures (b) Eggs per puncture. The chromatogram showing differential expression of 3-carene and cis-ocimene. (2014), Agroecosystem resilience to an invasive insect species that could expand its geographical range in response to global climate change, Anshul N, Rajendra SB, Rashmi G, Dwijendra S (2013), Effect of benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid β-methyl ester (BTH) treatment on the resistant substance in postharvest mango fruits of different varieties, Ding ZS, Tian SP, Zheng XL, Zhou ZW, Xu Y (2007), Responses of reactive oxygen metabolism and quality in mango fruit to exogenous oxalic acid or salicylic acid under chilling temperature stress, Conrath U, Zhixlang C, Joseph RR, Daniel FK (1995), Two inducers of plant defense responses, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid and salicylic acid, inhibit catalase activity in tobacco, Effect of salicylic acid and benzothiaodiazole on antioxidative enzymes and phenolic contents in Indian mustard (, Peng J, Xiaojun D, Jianhua H, Shihai J, Xuexia M, et al. Each fly was given 2 min to acclimatize in the olfactometer, after which the experiment was run for 15 min for each replicate. All connections were made with PTFE tubing with brass ferrules and fittings (Swagelok, India) and sealed with PTFE tape. Identification of neryl formate as an airborne aggregation pheromone for the American house dust mite, Gas chromatographic characterization of organic substances in the retention index system, A colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, Chun OK, Kim DO, Moon HY, Kang HG, Lee CY (2003), Contribution of individual polyphenolics to total antioxidant capacity of plums, Lowry H, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951), Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent, Effect of pre-and post-harvest application of salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate on inducing disease resistance of sweet cherry fruit in storage, Evolution of oviposition behavior and host preference in Lepidoptera, Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects, Pickett JA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM (1998), Insect supersense: mate and host location as model systems for exploiting olfactory mechanisms, Perception of plant volatile blends by herbivorous insects-finding the right mix. It is cosmopolitan in nature and reported to occur in several countries (Tandon and Verghese, 1985). Further, reductions in the larval growth/ adult emergence were also found in SA treated fruit that can be attributed to an increase in the total flavonoids/ phenols and antioxidative enzymes viz., peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. (2006), Fragments of ATP synthase mediate plant perception of insect attack, Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda DA, Orlova I (2006), Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives, Arimura GI, Matsui K, Takabayashi J (2009), Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions, Silva R, Gimme H W, Lewis J W, Michael JF (2014), Insects feeding on plants: rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release, Falk KL, Kästner J, Bodenhausen N, Schramm K, Paetz C, Vassao DG, et al. There is a need for in depth studies on possibility of exogenous application of SA for fruit fly management in mango at field level and to understand the role of this chemical elicitor in strengthening our current pest management programs. Verghese A, Soumya CB, Shivashankar S, Manivannan S, Krishnamurthy SV (2012). Wrote the paper: KJPD RMA VK. 1 0 obj
All analyses were carried out using Graph Pad Prism software (Ver. As a result of identification, three species were confirmed including Bactrocera carambolae, B. correcta and B. dorsalis. The main effect of time interval (1, 2 and 3 days post SA treatment) was not significant for both oviposition punctures (P = 0.75) and eggs per puncture (P = 0.28) indicating all post SA treatments are equally effective. Repeated measures (mixed model) two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post test (a) punctures (F = 6.86; edf = 20; P = 0.03) (b) Eggs per puncture (F = 130.20; edf = 20; P < 0.0001). B. latifrons, not pest of mangoes, were detected from fresh chili The bottom of the apparatus was lined with filter paper (Whatman No 1, 12 cm dia) and air was drawn through the four arms towards the center at 350 mL min-1. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TKR KSS AV. We analyzed the activity of antioxidative enzymes viz., catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase in both SA treated and untreated fruit respectively (n = 3). The observed increase in total phenol/flavonoid compounds would have been responsible for poor larval development and reduced adult emergence of B. dorsalis [66]. (2013), The role of glucosinolates and the jasmonic acid pathway in resistance of, Erb M, Flors V, Karlen D, DeLange E, Planchamp C, D’Alessandro M, et al. Isolation and identification of host cues from mango, Skelton AC, Cameron MM, Pickett JA, Birkett MA (2010). 2005). The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912), is a member of the Tephritidae (fruit flies) family. The reduction in oviposition as evidenced by decreased punctures and eggs reached peak by 3rd day post SA treatment. Volatiles were collected from fruit for 24 h and the Porapak Q columns were eluted with 750 μl of redistilled diethyl ether. Absorbance was read at 420 nm for 3 min at 30 sec interval. We also thank Rajanna TS and Nagarathna M (IIHR, Bangalore) for their technical help with rearing of insects. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) under south Gujarat mango ecosystem J. K. BANA*, HEMANT SHARMA, SUSHIL KUMAR and PUSHPENDRA SINGH ICAR-AICRP on Fruits, Agriculture Experimental Station Navsari Agricultural University, Paria, Gujarat 396 145 E-mail*: jugalbana@gmail.com ABSTRACT The field experiment was conducted during 2013-16 at Navsari … In Ethiopia, several fruit types including mango, guava, banana, citrus, apple, pineapple, avocado, and papaya are growing for export and domestic markets. The headspace volatiles subjected to GC-MS analysis revealed a clear difference in volatile composition between control and SA treated fruit. In this study, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment of mango fruit (cv. All chemicals used were of analytical grade (≥99% purity). Gravid females (15-days old) were used for all behavioral assays. Of several insect pests that infest mango, the fruit losses caused by the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) goes on unabated inspite of several management options [27–33]. You searched for: Subject "Bactrocera dorsalis" Remove constraint Subject: "Bactrocera dorsalis" Start Over. Olfactometer bioassay data (time spent in each odour field, SA treated fruit vs. untreated fruit vs. solvent control) were compared by a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparision test (α = 0.05). A single gravid female B. dorsalis was introduced into the central chamber through a hole in the top of the olfactometer. Most of the flavonoids are growth inhibitors and cause abnormal development, growth inhibition and larval mortality [66]. Further, reduced pupae formation and adult emergence was observed in treated fruit compared to control. Greany PD (1989) Host plant resistance to tephritids: an under-exploited control strategy, pp. Although its' name does not illicit much response here in Singapore, in countries such as the United States and Kenya, the mention of the Oriental fruit fly will send agricultural farmers, fruit vendors, immigration authorities fuming mad. A hand held atomizer (1 L capacity, Kisan Agri Sprayer, Mumbai, India) was used for uniform application of different doses on fruit. Kamala Jayanthi Pagadala Damodaram, Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade, [...], and Abraham Verghese. Upon maturity, fruit were randomly collected (n = 8) and brought to the laboratory for oviposition assays. ABSTRACTThe oriental fruit ßy,Bactrocera dorsalisHendel, is one of the most destructive pest insects of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. An Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (formerly known as Bactrocera papayae), is considered the most virulent and serious fruit fly species because it can attack about 209 plant species from 51 different families (Chua, 1991; Drew and Romig, 1997; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Perspex components were washed with Teepol solution, rinsed with 80% ethanol solution and distilled water, and left to air-dry. Mango (Mangifera indica) is a woody plant of high economic importance. It is thought to be an introduced species in Yunnan Province, China, where it causes severe damage. [42]. To identify a suitable oviposition site, insects mainly depend on host released volatile blends [2], particularly, during oviposition site selection [55]. Economic Injury Level of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Commercial Mango Farms in Manica Province, Mozambique African Entomology publishes original research and communications on entomology, with an emphasis on the advancement of entomology on … Decreased number of punctures and eggs were recorded in SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit. KEY WORDS: Bionomics, Bactrocera dorsalis, Mango. 2 Bactrocera dorsalis, la mouche orientale des fruits ou mouche des fruits asiatique, est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Tephritidae, sous-famille des Dacinae, originaire des régions de l'Asie du Sud-Est et du Pacifique. Recently, emphasis is placed on the development of new preventative approaches that may minimize pesticide usage to achieve sustainable fruit fly management. Even subtle changes in volatile ratios of host plants confuse insects and alter their perception and orientation [5]. PeeR ReVIew: Five peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. already built in. %µµµµ
(2014), Reciprocal crosstalk between jasmonate and salicylate defence-signalling pathways modulates plant volatile emission and herbivore host-selection behaviour, Hayat S, Mohd I, Arif SW, Mohammed NA, Aqil A (2012), Salicylic acids local, systemic or inter-systemic regulators, Serghini K, Perez LA, Castejon MM, Garcia TL, Jorrin JV, (2001), Enhanced enzyme activities and induction of acquired resistance in pea with elicitors, Al-Wakeel SAM, Hani M, Mahmoud MG, Mahmoud MYM (2013), Induced systemic resistance: an innovative control method to manage branched broomrape (, Resistance to development of larvae of apple maggot in crab apples, Aluja M, Birke A, Ceyman M, Guillén L, Arrigoni E, Baumgartner D, et al. The field experiment data shows that the number of punctures and pupae was decreased in the SA treated when compared to the control fruit (paired t test, t = 8.12, df = 7, P = 0.0001 [ovipunctures], t = 6.46, df = 7, P = 0.0003 [pupae]). (paired t test, ovipunctures (0.5 mM: t = 7.59, df = 4, P = 0.002; 1.0 mM: t = 3.81, df = 4, P = 0.02; 2.0mM: t = 11.49, df = 4, P = 0.0003; 5mM: t = 6.89, df = 4, P = 0.002); eggs per puncture (0.5 mM: t = 5.15, df = 4, P = 0.01; 1.0 mM: t = 9.57, df = 4, P = 0.001; 2.0mM: t = 5.49, df = 4, P = 0.01; 5mM: t = 4.78, df = 4, P = 0.01). Studies indicated that oriental fruitfly, Bactrocera dorsalis damage was reduced to 4.6 by harvesting fruits at physiological maturity stage as compared to 10% in fully ripe dropped fruits of Dashehari on June 22 and 8% to 4% in Bombay Green. Among them Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera dorsalis have been recorded on mango, guava, peach, banana, chicko, oranges and other fleshy fruits [3, 4]. The SA treated fruit showed high level of phenol and flavonoids content compared to control. Individual volatile compounds were identified by comparing the retention index that was calculated by using homologous series of n-alkanes (C5 to C32 procured from Sigma-Aldrich) as standard [44] and comparing the MS spectra with spectral libraries (Wiley and NIST-2007). (1996), Krantev A, Yordanova R, Janda T, Szalai G, Popova L (2008), Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants, Application of salicylic acid to improve seed vigor and yield of some bread wheat cultivars (, Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense, He J, Chen F, Chen S, Lv G, Deng Y, Fang W, et al. Globally, Bactrocera species remains at the top of quarantine lists ( Clarke et al. The activity of catalase decreased in the 2 mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (t = 4.01, df = 4, P = 0.01) (Fig 8a). In addition to its direct damage to fruits, the high quarantine status of the pest restricts the export of fruits and limits … However, B. zonata, well known as a species infesting man-goes, was unexpectedly not detected from mango fruits in the survey. Salicylic Acid Induces Changes in Mango Fruit that Affect Oviposition Behavior and Development of the Oriental Fruit Fly. Thus, exogenous applications of elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant volatile emissions. Similarly, the salicylic acid treatment resulted in increased endogenous H2O2 level that involved in resistance against H. armigera [73]. After 10–15 days, the numbers of pupae recovered from each fruit were counted. (2011), Kamala Jayanthi PD, Vivek K, Ravindra MA, Ravindra KV, Bakthavatsalam N, Verghese A, et al. Post hoc analyses employing Bonferroni correction revealed that the numbers of oviposition punctures and eggs per puncture were significantly less in SA treated fruit irrespective of post SA treatment time intervals [1 day (oviposition punctures: t = 3.78, P<0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 4.67, P <0.001), 2 days (oviposition punctures: t = 3.67, P <0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 2.86, P <0.05), 3 days (oviposition punctures: t = 4.50, P <0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 4.20, P <0.01)] (Fig 2a and 2b). Use of gibberellic acid to reduce grapefruit susceptibility to attack by the Caribbean fruit fly, Enhancement of citrus resistance to the Mediterranean fruit fly, McDonald RE, Greany PD, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Hatton TT, Wilson CW (1988) Use of gibberllic acid for Caribbean fruit fly (, Greany PD, McDonald RE, Schroeder W J, Shaw PE (1991), Improvements in efficacy of gibberellic acid treatments in reducing susceptibility of grapefruit to attack by Caribbean fruit fly. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. (a) Time spent in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10) (b) Number of Entries in SA treated, untreated and control arms (N = 10). GC/MS analysis confirmed the complete absence of volatiles viz., cis-ocimene and 3-carene in SA treated fruit.