Israel has a powerful army, air force and navy, while the Palestinian organisations have no access to large-scale military equipment with which to conduct operations;[43] instead, they utilize asymmetric tactics, such as: knife attacks, small gunfights, cross-border sniping, rocket attacks,[44] and suicide bombings.[45][46]. An example of this is the standoff between the continental land forces of the French Army and the maritime forces of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. [32] The peasants, who provided the bulk of guerrilla manpower, had interests different from their illustrado leaders and the principales of their villages. What does ASYMMETRIC WARFARE mean? Sobelman, Daniel. Toni Pfanner, "Asymmetrical Warfare from the Perspective of Humanitarian Law and Humanitarian Action". The victory by the US-led coalition forces in the 1991 Persian Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq, demonstrated that training, tactics and technology can provide overwhelming victories in the field of battle during modern conventional warfare. Many countries, including the US, participated in this proxy war against the USSR during the Cold War. They initially sought to use conventional tactics and an increasing toll of U.S. casualties to contribute to McKinley's defeat in the 1900 presidential election. Belue, Ted Franklin. War between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly. This is typically a war between a standing, professional army and an insurgency or resistance movement militias who often have status of unlawful combatants. [28][time needed] Brown had broad-sworded slave owners at Potawatomi Creek, so the bloody civilian violence was initially symmetrical; however, once the American Civil War ignited in 1861, and when the state of Missouri voted overwhelmingly not to secede from the Union, the pro-slavers on the MO-KS border were driven either south to Arkansas and Texas, or underground—where they became guerrilla fighters and "Bushwhackers" living in the brushy ravines throughout northwest Missouri across the (now) state line from Kansas. http://www.theaudiopedia.com What is ASYMMETRIC WARFARE? Training and tactics as well as technology can prove decisive and allow a smaller force to overcome a much larger one. The deniability can be important to keep the state actor from being tainted by the actions, to allow the state actor to negotiate in apparent good faith by claiming they are not responsible for the actions of parties who are merely sympathizers, or to avoid being accused of belligerent actions or war crimes. Virginia Auditor of Public Accounts: records of Commissioners to examine claims in Norfolk, 1777–1836. [42][41], The ongoing conflict between Israel and some Palestinian organizations (such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad) is a classic case of asymmetric warfare. The "state" consisted of fortresses (such as the Alamut Castle) built on strategic hilltops and highlands with difficult access, surrounded by hostile lands. Andrew J.R. Mack, "Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars: The Politics of Asymmetric Conflict". Dynamics of Asymmetric Territorial Conflict: the evolution of patience. Technological superiority usually is cancelled by more vulnerable infrastructure which can be targeted with devastating results. The Sri Lankan Civil War, which raged on and off from 1983 to 2009, between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) saw large-scale asymmetric warfare. III: The Struggle for Norfolk), "Pentagon turns to irregular tactics to counter Iran", "NSRD Hosts Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East, Michael Mulroy", "Death toll in Arab-Israeli conflict fell in 2007", "A brief history of the Kashmir conflict", "Syrian rebels emboldened after assassinations", Asymmetric Warfare and the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) Debate, Reshaping the Military for Asymmetric Warfare, "Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: The Philippines, 1899–1902", Unorthodox Thoughts about Asymmetric Warfare, Asymmetric Warfare: Military Planners Are Only Beginning to Grasp the Implications of September 11 for Future Deterrence Strategy, "Asymmetrical Warfare" & Just War: A Moral Obligation, Gates Assails Pentagon on Resources for Battlefields, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asymmetric_warfare&oldid=998681568, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011, Articles needing additional references from April 2015, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2014, Articles needing additional references from October 2014, Wikipedia articles needing time reference citations from October 2014, Articles with incomplete citations from October 2014, Articles needing additional references from December 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Articles with peacock terms from September 2015, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Why Do “Left” And “Right” Mean Liberal And Conservative? 99 Asymmetric Warfare: A State vs Non-State Conflict OTROS TEMAS OASIS , No 20 • Julio-Diciembre 2014 • pp. [33] They pursued this short-term goal with guerrilla tactics better suited to a protracted struggle. London: Faber & Faber. In 12th century, irregulars known as the Assassins were successful in the Nizari Ismaili state. "Reassessing Victory in Warfare. Title: Asymmetric Warfare—Definition Action: A picture of a bust of Sun Tzu is shown on the left side of the screen. The unit is headquartered at Fort Meade, Maryland and has a training facility at Fort A.P. An early example of terrain advantage is the Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC, where the narrow terrain of a defile was used to funnel the Persian forces, who were numerically superior, to a point where they could not use their size as an advantage. There are all sorts of combat methods in today's world. The goal, or end-state, sought by the First Philippine Republic was a sovereign, independent, socially stable Philippines led by the ilustrado (intellectual) oligarchy. After Saddam Hussein's regime was removed from power, the Iraq campaign moved into a different type of asymmetric warfare where the coalition's use of superior conventional warfare training, tactics and technology was of much less use against continued opposition from the various partisan groups operating inside Iraq. Ivan Arreguin-Toft, "How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict", J. Paul Dunne, et al., "Managing Asymmetric Conflict,". The commissioned officer refused to participate in Quantrill's asymmetric warfare on civilians. These included competition against global powers competitors like China and Russia as well as rogue states like North Korea and Iran. ExploDrone released by Explotrain Another key advantage of our equipment is its ability to detect unexpected chemical threats in an asymmetric warfare scenario, no matter which is the type of gas used or the location of its dispersal, he adds. Asymmetric warfare is war between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly. This is typically a war between a standing, professional army and an insurgency or resistance movement militias who often have status of unlawful combatants. [41] Mulroy said that the U.S. must be prepared to respond with "aggressive, dynamic, and unorthodox approaches to IW", to be competitive across these priorities. asymmetrical warfare - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. [33] The Filipino general Francisco Macabulos described the Filipinos' war aim as, "not to vanquish the U.S. Army but to inflict on them constant losses." When revolutionary forces forced their way into Norfolk, Virginia, and used waterfront buildings as cover for shots at British vessels out in the river, the response of destruction of those buildings was ingeniously used to the advantage of the rebels, who encouraged the spread of fire throughout the largely Loyalist town, and spread propaganda blaming it on the British. The following is the DOD definition of asymmetric warfare… This was even considered by President McKinley at the beginning of the phase. Resnick, Uri. 20,000-30,000[ambiguous] Boer guerrillas were only defeated after the British brought to bear 450,000 imperial troops, about ten times as many as were used in the conventional phase of the war. Yugoslav Partisans, starting as small detachments around mountain villages in 1941, fought the German and other Axis occupation forces, successfully taking advantage of the rough terrain to survive despite their small numbers. This made American occupation of the Philippine archipelago all the more difficult over the next few years. War in History. What Is An Em Dash And How Do You Use It? He also explained that under the IWA, both special operations and conventional forces would play a key role. Asymmetric Warfare And Low Intensity Maritime Operations: Challenges For Indian Navy VIJAY SAKHUJA ORF OCCASIONAL PAPER AUGUST 2006 www.orfonline.org This paper examines the concept of asymmetric warfare and Nicholas Warndorf: Unconventional Warfare in the Ottoman Empire – The Armenian Revolt and the Turkish Counterinsurgency, Manzara Verlag, Offenbach am Main 2017, Edward J. Erickson: Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. The abolitionists would not return the attacks and Brown theorized that a violent spark set off on "the Border" would be a way to finally ignite his long hoped-for slave rebellion. In the 1920s, Harold Murdock of Boston attempted to solve the puzzle of the first shots fired on Lexington Green, and came to the suspicion that the few score militia men who gathered before sunrise to await the arrival of hundreds of well-prepared British soldiers were sent specifically to provoke an incident which could be used for Patriot propaganda purposes. First, if "power" determines victory in conflict, then why would weaker actors decide to fight stronger actors? The bloody "Border War" lasted all during the Civil War (and long after with guerrilla partisans like the James brothers cynically robbing and murdering, aided and abetted by lingering lost-causers[29][page needed]). "The Wartime Utility of Precision Versus Brute Force in Weaponry. [citation needed], Discussion since 2004 has been complicated by the tendency of academic and military communities to use the term in different ways, and by its close association with guerrilla warfare, insurgency, terrorism, counterinsurgency, and counterterrorism. In fact, during just the first four months of the guerrilla war, the Americans had nearly 500 casualties. Such struggles often involve strategies and tactics of unconventional warfare, the weaker combatants attempting to use strategy to offset deficiencies in quantity or quality of their forces and equipment. Edward J Erickson: A Global History of Relocation in Counterinsurgency Warfare, Bloomsbury Academic, London 2019, Bryant, G. J. Civilians receive services from both government and rebel force as an incentive to share valuable information. Asymmetric warfare means a civil war between belligerents having different strengths and weaknesses. The British then expected the Boers to accept peace as dictated by them in the traditional European manner. Tragically the Western Border War was an asymmetric war: pro-slavery guerrillas and paramilitary partisans on the pro-Confederate side attacking pro-Union townspeople and commissioned Union military units; with the Union army trying to keep both in check: blocking Kansans and pro-Union Missourians from organizing militarily against the marauding Bushwhackers. [17] The return of the British force to Boston following the search operations at Concord was subject to constant skirmishing, using partisan forces gathered from communities all along the route, making maximum use of the terrain (particularly trees and stone field walls) to overcome the limitations of their weapons – muskets with an effective range of only about 50–70 metres. [40], In October 2019 at a Workshop at RAND, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Mick Mulroy publicly rolled out the Irregular Warfare Annex (IWA) to the National Defense Strategy of 2018. Gen. Francis Marion" (1821). Asymmetric warfare is a form of irregular warfare. [38]) The aid given by the U.S. to the mujahadeen during the war was only covert at the tactical level; the Reagan Administration told the world that it was helping the "freedom-loving people of Afghanistan". Quaife, Milo Milton. So the stakes were high and it caused a flood of immigration to the border: some to grab land and expand slavery west, others to grab land and vote down the expansion of slavery. [32] Local chieftains, landowners, and businessmen were the principales who controlled local politics. "The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries" (PDF). “Have” vs. “Has”: When To Use Each One. "War Aims and War Outcomes: Why Powerful States Lose Limited Wars", David Buffaloe 'Defining Asymmetric Warfare', Mandel, Robert. ", This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 15:05. [32] The Filipino operational center of gravity was the ability to sustain its force of 100,000 irregulars in the field. He explained that irregular warfare included counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, sabotage and subversion, as well as stabilization and information operations. This article relies too much on references to primary sources. [32] Coupled with the ethnic and geographic fragmentation, unity was a daunting task. The other view is that asymmetric warfare does not coincide with terrorism. "Asymmetric Warfare: The British Experience in Eighteenth-Century India,". John Brown, the abolitionist, travelled to Osawatomie in the Kansas Territory expressly to foment retaliatory attacks back against the pro-slavery guerrillas who, by 1858, had twice ransacked both Lawrence and Osawatomie (where one of Brown's sons was shot dead). The challenge for Aguinaldo and his generals was to sustain unified Filipino public opposition; this was the revolutionaries' strategic center of gravity. However instead of capitulating, the Boers fought a protracted guerrilla war. Asymmetric warfare definition: warfare involving attacks by small, lightly armed groups with low-tech weapons on larger... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and … Civilians were given identification and forced into concentration camps with a publicly announced deadline after which all persons found outside of camps without identification would be shot on sight. The Most Surprisingly Serendipitous Words Of The Day. The Confederate officer whose company had joined Quantrill's Raiders that day witnessed the civilian slaughter and forbade his soldiers from joining in the carnage. [27][page needed]. This is typically done to give deniability to the state actor. The end of World War II established the two most powerful victors, the United States of America (United States, or just the U.S.) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or just the Soviet Union) as the two dominant world superpowers. (Note that the term "asymmetric warfare" became well known in the West only in the 1990s. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2021. warfare in which opposing groups or nations have unequal military resources, and the weaker opponent uses unconventional weapons and tactics, as terrorism, to exploit the vulnerabilities of the enemy. The following quote from Sun Tzu’s The Art of War is shown next to the picture: If he (the enemy) is superior in Learn more. [citation needed]. After an initial phase, which was fought by both sides as a conventional war, the British captured Johannesburg, the Boers' largest city, and captured the capitals of the two Boer Republics. An information-centric framework,[16] in which civilians are seen primarily as sources of strategic information rather than resources, provides a paradigm to better understand the dynamics of such conflicts where civilian information-sharing is important. The war was strongest when illustrados, principales, and peasants were unified in opposition to annexation. The 1999 Joint Strategy Review specifically defines “asymmetry as something done Sobelman, Daniel, 'New Rules of the Game: Israel and Hizbollah after the Withdrawal from Lebanon, Sobelman, Daniel, 'Hizbollah—from Terror to Resistance: Towards a National Defence Strategy. “Affect” vs. “Effect”: Use The Correct Word Every Time. Military authors tend to use the term "asymmetric" to refer to the indirect nature of the strategies many weak actors adopt, or even to the nature of the adversary itself (e.g., "asymmetric adversaries can be expected to ...") rather than to the correlation of forces. [18][19][20][21], Another feature of the long march from Concord was the urban warfare technique of using buildings along the route as additional cover for snipers. "The Word 'Commando'", Dobbie, Elliott V. K., CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Western theater of the American Revolutionary War, German occupied parts of the Soviet Union, United States Military Assistance Command Studies and Observations Group (US MAC-V SOG), promotes the subject in a subjective manner, "Deadly Triangles: The Implications of Regional Competition on Interactions in Asymmetric Dyads", "How the weak win wars: A theory of asymmetric conflict", Reshaping the military for asymmetric warfare, "Harold Murdock's "The Nineteenth Of April 1775, The Revolution in Virginia (chap. "Power", in this sense, is broadly understood to mean material power, such as a large army, sophisticated weapons, an advanced economy, and so on. Asymmetric warfare (or asymmetric engagement) is war between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly. Mack's analysis was largely ignored in its day, but the end of the Cold Warsparked renewed interest among academics. The conflict has seen large-scale asymmetric warfare across the country, with the forces opposed to the government unable to engage symmetrically with the Syrian government and resorting instead to other asymmetric tactics such as suicide bombings[48][49] and targeted assassinations. In the modern context, asymmetric warfare is increasingly considered a component of fourth generation warfare. The American Civil War saw the rise of asymmetric warfare in the Border States, and in particular on the US Western Territorial Border after the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 opened the territories to voting on the expansion of slavery beyond the Missouri Compromise lines. “Capital” vs. “Capitol”: Do You Know Where You’re Going? In such conflicts, when it is easy for insurgents to quickly assimilate into the population after an attack, tips on timing or location of insurgent activity can greatly undermine the resistance. The Assassins developed tactics to eliminate high-value targets that posed a threat to their security, including the Crusaders. Shortly afterwards they destroyed the remaining houses, on the grounds that they might provide cover for British soldiers. The Philippine Revolutionary Army began staging bloody ambushes and raids, such as the guerrilla victories at Paye, Catubig, Makahambus, Pulang Lupa, Balangiga and Mabitac. Information can be shared anonymously, without endangering the civilian who relays it. Asymmetric warfare is relatively new and is considered a modern fighting approach. Asymmetric warfare by its very nature leads combatants on all sides to develop new weapons and defenses. On November 13, 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo decreed that guerrilla war would henceforth be the strategy. Key explanations include: Second, if "power", as conventionally understood, conduces to victory in war, then how is the victory of the "weak" over the "strong" explained? The Dictionary.com Word Of The Year For 2020 Is …. Warfare between forces unequal in size, composition, or means; specifically warfare in which a smaller or ostensibly inferior force uses unexpected, unconventional tactics to its advantage in combating a larger or apparently superior adversary. asymmetric operations that render an opponent powerless to defend himself. The popularity of the term dates from Andrew J. R. Mack's 1975 article "Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars" in World Politics, in which "asymmetric" referred simply to a significant disparity in power between opposing actors in a conflict. For example, for several centuries the Greek, If the inferior power is in a position of self-defense; i.e., under attack or, If the inferior power is in an aggressive position, however, and/or turns to tactics prohibited by the laws of war (. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013. The popularity of the term dates from Andrew J.R. Mack's 1975 article \"Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars\" in World Politics, in which \"asymmetric\" The term “Asymmetrical Warfare” is frequently used to describe what is also called “guerrilla warfare”, “insurgency”, “terrorism”, “counterinsurgency”, and “counterterrorism”, essentially violent conflict between a formal military and an informal, less equipped … asymmetric definition: 1. with two halves, sides, or parts that are not exactly the same in shape and size: 2. with two…. In the American Revolutionary War, Patriot Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion, known as the "Swamp Fox", took advantage of irregular tactics, interior lines, and the wilderness of colonial South Carolina to stymie larger British regular forces.[15]. (Library of Virginia archives, ref. Holland, Tom (2006). Asymmetric warfare can describe a conflict in which the resources of two belligerents differ in essence and, in the struggle, interact and attempt to exploit each other's characteristic weaknesses. Abstract Asymmetric warfare has gradually become a common occurrence in an increasingly interconnected world, as the interactions between militarily unequal adversaries grow ever more frequent. Estimates of the Filipino forces vary between 100,000 and 1,000,000, with tens of thousands of auxiliaries. "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition". The Syrian National Coalition along with the Mujahideen and Kurdish Democratic Union Party, have been engaging with the forces of the Syrian government through asymmetric means. Definition/ Meaning/ Explanation A situation of conflict in which the two opposing sides vary greatly in terms of their resources. “As we consider the nature of warfare in the modern era, we find that it is synonymous with joint warfare.” 5 Joint warfare is synonymous with asymmetric From its initiation, the American Revolutionary War was, necessarily, a showcase for asymmetric techniques. Rogers, Clifford (1998). Asymmetric Warfare Group Search AWG: Search Search Search AWG: Search Home Leaders Group Command About Us Mission, Core Functions, Priorities Command Overview Recruiting AWG … At first, it even seemed as if the Filipinos would fight the Americans to a stalemate and force them to withdraw. The Hundred Years War 1: Trial by Battle. [citation needed], The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (1999) during Kosovo War of 1998–1999, which pitted NATO airpower against the Yugoslav armed forces, exemplifies international conflict with asymmetry in weapons and strategy/tactics. The framework assumes that: Given the additional assumption that the larger or dominant force is the government, the framework suggests the following implications: A survey of empirical literature on conflict,[16] does not provide conclusive evidence on the aforementioned claims. Since 1950, however, weak actors have won a majority of all asymmetric conflicts. cost-effective and politically successful,[39] as it caused a drain on the resources and manpower of the USSR and turned out to be a contributing factor to the collapse of that polity in 1991. Describe 2020 In Just One Word? Civilian casualties reduce civilian support to the perpetrating group. Provision of information is strongly correlated with the level of anonymity that can be ensured. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. What Does Amen Mean At The End Of A Prayer? Understanding Asymmetric War Definition The definition of ‘asymmetric warfare’is best borrowed from the US from where the term has originated. But the framework provides a starting point to further explore the role of civilian information sharing in asymmetric warfares. [30][full citation needed]. [22][23][24], The rebels also adopted a form of asymmetric sea warfare, by using small, fast vessels to avoid the Royal Navy, and capturing or sinking large numbers of merchant ships; however the Crown responded by issuing letters of marque permitting private armed vessels to undertake similar attacks on Patriot shipping. 3 (Winter, 2016/2017). [33] For most of 1899, the revolutionary leadership had viewed guerrilla warfare strategically only as a tactical option of final recourse, not as a means of operation which better suited their disadvantaged situation. 5 (2): 233–242. It is an armed conflict between two parties that have a significant difference in terms of power. "Power", in this sense, is broadly understood to mean material power, such as a large army, sophisticated weapons, an advanced economy, and so on. "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782". The guerrillas must move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea. or n warfare between a powerful military force and a weak guerilla force Asymmetric warfare encourages the use of non-traditional military tactics, used generally by the weaker force to balance out the power inequity. Over the next four years, they slowly forced their enemies back, recovering population centers and resources, eventually growing into the regular Yugoslav Army. APA 235), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, T.J. Stiles, "Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War", 2002, Border War Sesquicentennial proceedings at Lawrence, Kan., August 2013. [34], The Boer commando raids deep into the Cape Colony, which were organized and commanded by Jan Smuts, resonated throughout the century as the British adopted and adapted the tactics first used against them by the Boers.[34]. The term is also frequently used to describe what is also called "guerrilla warfare", "insurgency", "counterinsurgency", "rebellion", "terrorism", and "counterterrorism", essentially violent conflict between a formal military and an informal, less equipped and supported, undermanned but resilient and motivated opponent. Provision of security and services are complementary in reducing violence. Urban areas, though generally having good transport access, provide innumerable ready-made defensible positions with easy escape routes, and can also become difficult terrain if prolonged combat fills the streets with rubble. Pakistan and India claim territorial rights to Kashmir, where both have engaged in proxy wars on numerous occasions.[47]. Such terrain is called difficult terrain. By the late … By the late 1990s, new research building on Mack's insights was beginning to mature, and, after 2004, the U.S. military began once again seriously to consider the problems associated with asymmetric warfare. Much of the 2012–present Syrian Civil War has been fought asymmetrically. Destruction of multiple electric lines, roads or water supply systems in highly populated areas could have devastating effects on economy and morale, while the weaker side may not have these structures at all. [31] Lack of weapons and ammunition was a significant impediment to the Filipinos, so most of the forces were only armed with bolo knives, bows and arrows, spears and other primitive weapons that, in practice, proved vastly inferior to U.S. firepower. The British began constructing blockhouses built within machine gun range of one another and flanked by barbed wire to slow the Boers' movement across the countryside and block paths to valuable targets. [14] Asymmetric warfare (or asymmetric engagement) is war between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly. Mack's analysis was largely ignored in its day, but the end of the Cold War sparked renewed interest among academics. 41, No. Sullivan, Patricia. It had traditionally been perceived as a predominately counterterrorism (CT) effort used to fight violent extremist organizations, but that under the IWA the skills will be applied to all areas of military competition. Rebel violence can be reduced if government provides services. [26][page needed], From 1776, the conflict turned increasingly into a proxy war on behalf of France, following a strategy proposed in the 1760s but initially resisted by the idealistic young King Louis XVI, who came to the throne at the age of 19 a few months before Lexington. Political implications of this broken 1820s compromise were nothing less than the potential expansion of slavery all across the North American continent, including the northern reaches of the annexed Mexican territories to California and Oregon. 2007. "Learning to Deter: Deterrence Failure and Success in the Israel-Hezbollah Conflict, 2006–2016," International Security Vol. ASYMMETRIC WARFARE meaning - ASYMMETRIC WARFARE … Such tactics eventually evolved into today's counter insurgency tactics. Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West. If your language skills aren’t already top-notch, then this vocab quiz can get you up to speed! If proof emerges of the true extent of the state actor's involvement, this strategy can backfire; for example see Iran-contra and Philip Agee.